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Top-level domain name registry service on Google Cloud Platform
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This PR makes a few changes to make it possible to turn on per-transaction isolation level with minimal disruption: 1) Changed the signatures of transact() and reTransact() methods to allow passing in lambdas that throw checked exceptions. Previously one has always to wrap such lambdas in try-and-retrow blocks, which wasn't a big issue when one can liberally open nested transactions around small lambdas and keeps the "throwing" part outside the lambda. This becomes a much bigger hassle when the goal is to eliminate nested transactions and put as much code as possible within the top-level lambda. As a result, the transactNoRetry() method now handles checked exceptions by re-throwing them as runtime exceptions. 2) Changed the name and meaning of the config file field that used to indicate if per-transaction isolation level is enabled or not. Now it decides if transact() is called within a transaction, whether to throw or to log, regardless whether the transaction could have succeeded based on the isolation override level (if provided). The flag will initially be set to false and would help us identify all instances of nested calls and either refactor them or use reTransact() instead. Once we are fairly certain that no nested calls to transact() exists, we flip the flag to true and start enforcing this logic. Eventually the flag will go away and nested calls to transact() will always throw. 3) Per-transaction isolation level will now always be applied, if an override is provided. Because currently there should be no actual use of such feature (except for places where we explicitly use an override and have ensured no nested transactions exist, like in RefreshDnsForAllDomainsAction), we do not expect any issues with conflicting isolation levels, which would resulted in failure. 3) transactNoRetry() is made package private and removed from the exposed API of JpaTransactionManager. This saves a lot of redundant methods that do not have a practical use. The only instances where this method was called outside the package was in the reader of RegistryJpaIO, which should have no problem with retrying. |
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Nomulus
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Overview
Nomulus is an open source, scalable, cloud-based service for operating top-level domains (TLDs). It is the authoritative source for the TLDs that it runs, meaning that it is responsible for tracking domain name ownership and handling registrations, renewals, availability checks, and WHOIS requests. End-user registrants (i.e. people or companies that want to register a domain name) use an intermediate domain name registrar acting on their behalf to interact with the registry.
Nomulus runs on Google App Engine and is written primarily in Java. It is the software that Google Registry uses to operate TLDs such as .google, .app, .how, .soy, and .みんな. It can run any number of TLDs in a single shared registry system using horizontal scaling. Its source code is publicly available in this repository under the Apache 2.0 free and open source license.
Getting started
The following resources provide information on getting the code and setting up a running system:
- Install guide
- View the source code for the GAE app and for the GKE proxy
- Other docs
- Javadoc
- Nomulus discussion group, for any other questions
If you are thinking about running a production registry service using our platform, please drop by the user group and introduce yourself and your use case. To report issues or make contributions, use GitHub issues and pull requests.
Capabilities
Nomulus has the following capabilities:
- Extensible Provisioning Protocol (EPP): An XML protocol that is the standard format for communication between registrars and registries. It includes operations for registering, renewing, checking, updating, and transferring domain names.
- DNS interface: The registry provides a pluggable interface that can be implemented to handle different DNS providers. It includes a sample implementation using Google Cloud DNS as well as an RFC 2136 compliant implementation that works with BIND.
- WHOIS: A text-based protocol that returns ownership and contact information on registered domain names.
- Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP): A JSON API that returns structured, machine-readable information about domain name ownership. It is essentially a newer version of WHOIS.
- Registry Data Escrow (RDE): A daily export of all ownership information for a TLD to a third party escrow provider to allow take-over by another registry operator in the event of serious failure. This is required by ICANN for all new gTLDs.
- Premium pricing: Communicates prices for premium domain names (i.e. those that are highly desirable) and supports configurable premium registration and renewal prices. An extensible interface allows fully programmatic pricing.
- Billing history: A full history of all billable events is recorded, suitable for ingestion into an invoicing system.
- Registration periods: Qualified Launch Partner, Sunrise, Landrush, Claims, and General Availability periods of the standard gTLD lifecycle are all supported.
- Brand protection for trademark holders (via TMCH): Allows rights-holders to protect their brands by blocking registration of domains using their trademark. This is required by ICANN for all new gTLDs.
- Registrar support console: A self-service web console that registrars can use to manage their accounts in the registry system.
- Reporting: Support for required external reporting (such as ICANN monthly registry reports, CZDS, Billing and Registration Activity) as well as internal reporting using BigQuery.
- Administrative tool: Performs the full range of administrative tasks needed to manage a running registry system, including creating and configuring new TLDs.
- DNS interface: An interface for DNS operations is provided so you can write an implementation for your chosen provider, along with a sample implementation that uses Google Cloud DNS. If you are using Google Cloud DNS you may need to understand its capabilities and provide your own multi-AS solution.
- GAE Proxy: App Engine Standard only serves HTTP/S traffic. A proxy to forward traffic on EPP and WHOIS ports to App Engine via HTTPS is provided. Instructions on setting up the proxy on Google Kubernetes Engine is available. Running the proxy on GKE supports IPv4 and IPv6 access, per ICANN's requirements for gTLDs. The proxy can also run as a single jar file, or on other Kubernetes providers, with modifications.
Additional components
Registry operators interested in deploying Nomulus will likely require some additional components that are need to be configured separately.
- A way to invoice registrars for domain name registrations and accept payments. Nomulus records the information required to generate invoices in billing events.
- Fully automated reporting to meet ICANN's requirements for gTLDs. Nomulus includes substantial reporting functionality but some additional work will be required by the operator in this area.
- A secure method for storing cryptographic keys. A keyring interface is provided for plugging in your own implementation (see configuration doc for details).
- System status and uptime monitoring.
Outside references
- Donuts Registry has helped review the code and provided valuable feedback
- CoCCa and FRED are other open-source registry platforms in use by many TLDs
- We are not aware of any fully open source domain registrar projects, but open source EPP Toolkits (not yet tested with Nomulus; may require integration work) include:
- Some Open Source DNS Projects that may be useful, but which we have not tested: