diff --git a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/ResourceFlowUtils.java b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/ResourceFlowUtils.java
index 9a0996d1f..2ea750f3d 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/ResourceFlowUtils.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/ResourceFlowUtils.java
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@
 package google.registry.flows;
 
 import static com.google.common.collect.Sets.intersection;
+import static google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils.getLinkedDomainKeys;
 import static google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils.loadByForeignKey;
-import static google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils.queryForLinkedDomains;
 import static google.registry.model.index.ForeignKeyIndex.loadAndGetKey;
 import static google.registry.model.ofy.ObjectifyService.ofy;
 import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
@@ -94,14 +94,13 @@ public final class ResourceFlowUtils {
                    * actual reference then we can reliably fail. If we don't find any, we can't
                    * trust the query and need to do the full mapreduce.
                    */
-                  Iterable<Key<DomainBase>> keys =
-                      queryForLinkedDomains(fki.getResourceKey().getOfyKey(), now)
-                          .limit(FAILFAST_CHECK_COUNT)
-                          .keys();
+                  Iterable<VKey<DomainBase>> keys =
+                      getLinkedDomainKeys(fki.getResourceKey(), now, FAILFAST_CHECK_COUNT);
+
                   VKey<R> resourceVKey = fki.getResourceKey();
                   Predicate<DomainBase> predicate =
                       domain -> getPotentialReferences.apply(domain).contains(resourceVKey);
-                  return ofy().load().keys(keys).values().stream().anyMatch(predicate)
+                  return tm().loadByKeys(keys).values().stream().anyMatch(predicate)
                       ? new ResourceToDeleteIsReferencedException()
                       : null;
                 });
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactDeleteFlow.java b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactDeleteFlow.java
index b8f6a2953..bc686f185 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactDeleteFlow.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactDeleteFlow.java
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import static google.registry.flows.ResourceFlowUtils.verifyNoDisallowedStatuses
 import static google.registry.flows.ResourceFlowUtils.verifyOptionalAuthInfo;
 import static google.registry.flows.ResourceFlowUtils.verifyResourceOwnership;
 import static google.registry.model.eppoutput.Result.Code.SUCCESS_WITH_ACTION_PENDING;
-import static google.registry.model.ofy.ObjectifyService.ofy;
 import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
@@ -101,7 +100,8 @@ public final class ContactDeleteFlow implements TransactionalFlow {
         .setType(HistoryEntry.Type.CONTACT_PENDING_DELETE)
         .setModificationTime(now)
         .setParent(Key.create(existingContact));
-    ofy().save().<Object>entities(newContact, historyBuilder.build());
+    tm().insert(historyBuilder.build().toChildHistoryEntity());
+    tm().update(newContact);
     return responseBuilder.setResultFromCode(SUCCESS_WITH_ACTION_PENDING).build();
   }
 }
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactInfoFlow.java b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactInfoFlow.java
index 9a3e43299..2364564b3 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactInfoFlow.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactInfoFlow.java
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import static google.registry.flows.ResourceFlowUtils.verifyResourceOwnership;
 import static google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils.isLinked;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
-import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.flows.EppException;
 import google.registry.flows.ExtensionManager;
 import google.registry.flows.Flow;
@@ -77,7 +76,7 @@ public final class ContactInfoFlow implements Flow {
         clientId.equals(contact.getCurrentSponsorClientId()) || authInfo.isPresent();
     ImmutableSet.Builder<StatusValue> statusValues = new ImmutableSet.Builder<>();
     statusValues.addAll(contact.getStatusValues());
-    if (isLinked(Key.create(contact), now)) {
+    if (isLinked(contact.createVKey(), now)) {
       statusValues.add(StatusValue.LINKED);
     }
     return responseBuilder
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostDeleteFlow.java b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostDeleteFlow.java
index cc8d52bc1..f39cd39d7 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostDeleteFlow.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostDeleteFlow.java
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import static google.registry.flows.ResourceFlowUtils.verifyNoDisallowedStatuses
 import static google.registry.flows.ResourceFlowUtils.verifyResourceOwnership;
 import static google.registry.flows.host.HostFlowUtils.validateHostName;
 import static google.registry.model.eppoutput.Result.Code.SUCCESS_WITH_ACTION_PENDING;
-import static google.registry.model.ofy.ObjectifyService.ofy;
 import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
@@ -108,7 +107,8 @@ public final class HostDeleteFlow implements TransactionalFlow {
         .setType(HistoryEntry.Type.HOST_PENDING_DELETE)
         .setModificationTime(now)
         .setParent(Key.create(existingHost));
-    ofy().save().<Object>entities(newHost, historyBuilder.build());
+    tm().insert(historyBuilder.build().toChildHistoryEntity());
+    tm().update(newHost);
     return responseBuilder.setResultFromCode(SUCCESS_WITH_ACTION_PENDING).build();
   }
 }
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostInfoFlow.java b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostInfoFlow.java
index 3442b25a2..809b5e83c 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostInfoFlow.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostInfoFlow.java
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@ import static google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils.isLinked;
 import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
-import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.flows.EppException;
 import google.registry.flows.ExtensionManager;
 import google.registry.flows.Flow;
@@ -68,7 +67,7 @@ public final class HostInfoFlow implements Flow {
     HostResource host = loadAndVerifyExistence(HostResource.class, targetId, now);
     ImmutableSet.Builder<StatusValue> statusValues = new ImmutableSet.Builder<>();
     statusValues.addAll(host.getStatusValues());
-    if (isLinked(Key.create(host), now)) {
+    if (isLinked(host.createVKey(), now)) {
       statusValues.add(StatusValue.LINKED);
     }
     HostInfoData.Builder hostInfoDataBuilder = HostInfoData.newBuilder();
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/model/EppResourceUtils.java b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/model/EppResourceUtils.java
index f6692182f..7995cf260 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/model/EppResourceUtils.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/model/EppResourceUtils.java
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ package google.registry.model;
 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
 import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet.toImmutableSet;
 import static google.registry.model.ofy.ObjectifyService.ofy;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.jpaTm;
 import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
 import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerUtil.transactIfJpaTm;
 import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.isAtOrAfter;
@@ -28,7 +29,6 @@ import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.common.flogger.FluentLogger;
 import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import com.googlecode.objectify.Result;
-import com.googlecode.objectify.cmd.Query;
 import com.googlecode.objectify.util.ResultNow;
 import google.registry.config.RegistryConfig;
 import google.registry.model.EppResource.BuilderWithTransferData;
@@ -37,6 +37,7 @@ import google.registry.model.EppResource.ResourceWithTransferData;
 import google.registry.model.contact.ContactResource;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
 import google.registry.model.eppcommon.StatusValue;
+import google.registry.model.host.HostResource;
 import google.registry.model.index.ForeignKeyIndex;
 import google.registry.model.ofy.CommitLogManifest;
 import google.registry.model.ofy.CommitLogMutation;
@@ -44,11 +45,13 @@ import google.registry.model.registry.Registry;
 import google.registry.model.transfer.DomainTransferData;
 import google.registry.model.transfer.TransferData;
 import google.registry.model.transfer.TransferStatus;
+import google.registry.persistence.VKey;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map.Entry;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import java.util.function.Function;
 import javax.annotation.Nullable;
+import javax.persistence.Query;
 import org.joda.time.DateTime;
 import org.joda.time.Interval;
 
@@ -57,6 +60,22 @@ public final class EppResourceUtils {
 
   private static final FluentLogger logger = FluentLogger.forEnclosingClass();
 
+  private static final String CONTACT_LINKED_DOMAIN_QUERY =
+      "SELECT repoId FROM Domain "
+          + "WHERE (adminContact = :fkRepoId "
+          + "OR billingContact = :fkRepoId "
+          + "OR techContact = :fkRepoId "
+          + "OR registrantContact = :fkRepoId) "
+          + "AND deletionTime > :now";
+
+  // We have to use the native SQL query here because DomainHost table doesn't have its entity
+  // class so we cannot reference its property like domainHost.hostRepoId in a JPQL query.
+  private static final String HOST_LINKED_DOMAIN_QUERY =
+      "SELECT d.repo_id FROM \"Domain\" d "
+          + "JOIN \"DomainHost\" dh ON dh.domain_repo_id = d.repo_id "
+          + "WHERE d.deletion_time > :now "
+          + "AND dh.host_repo_id = :fkRepoId";
+
   /** Returns the full domain repoId in the format HEX-TLD for the specified long id and tld. */
   public static String createDomainRepoId(long repoId, String tld) {
     return createRepoId(repoId, Registry.get(tld).getRoidSuffix());
@@ -365,21 +384,63 @@ public final class EppResourceUtils {
   }
 
   /**
-   * Returns a query for domains or applications that reference a specified contact or host.
+   * Returns a set of {@link VKey} for domains that reference a specified contact or host.
    *
-   * <p>This is an eventually consistent query.
+   * <p>This is an eventually consistent query if used for Datastore.
    *
    * @param key the referent key
    * @param now the logical time of the check
+   * @param limit the maximum number of returned keys
    */
-  public static Query<DomainBase> queryForLinkedDomains(
-      Key<? extends EppResource> key, DateTime now) {
-    boolean isContactKey = key.getKind().equals(Key.getKind(ContactResource.class));
-    return ofy()
-        .load()
-        .type(DomainBase.class)
-        .filter(isContactKey ? "allContacts.contact" : "nsHosts", key)
-        .filter("deletionTime >", now);
+  public static ImmutableSet<VKey<DomainBase>> getLinkedDomainKeys(
+      VKey<? extends EppResource> key, DateTime now, int limit) {
+    checkArgument(
+        key.getKind().equals(ContactResource.class) || key.getKind().equals(HostResource.class),
+        "key must be either VKey<ContactResource> or VKey<HostResource>, but it is %s",
+        key);
+    boolean isContactKey = key.getKind().equals(ContactResource.class);
+    if (tm().isOfy()) {
+      return ofy()
+          .load()
+          .type(DomainBase.class)
+          .filter(isContactKey ? "allContacts.contact" : "nsHosts", key.getOfyKey())
+          .filter("deletionTime >", now)
+          .limit(limit)
+          .keys()
+          .list()
+          .stream()
+          .map(DomainBase::createVKey)
+          .collect(toImmutableSet());
+    } else {
+      return tm().transact(
+              () -> {
+                Query query;
+                if (isContactKey) {
+                  query =
+                      jpaTm()
+                          .getEntityManager()
+                          .createQuery(CONTACT_LINKED_DOMAIN_QUERY, String.class)
+                          .setParameter("fkRepoId", key)
+                          .setParameter("now", now);
+                } else {
+                  query =
+                      jpaTm()
+                          .getEntityManager()
+                          .createNativeQuery(HOST_LINKED_DOMAIN_QUERY)
+                          .setParameter("fkRepoId", key.getSqlKey())
+                          .setParameter("now", now.toDate());
+                }
+                return (ImmutableSet<VKey<DomainBase>>)
+                    query
+                        .setMaxResults(limit)
+                        .getResultStream()
+                        .map(
+                            repoId ->
+                                DomainBase.createVKey(
+                                    Key.create(DomainBase.class, (String) repoId)))
+                        .collect(toImmutableSet());
+              });
+    }
   }
 
   /**
@@ -390,8 +451,8 @@ public final class EppResourceUtils {
    * @param key the referent key
    * @param now the logical time of the check
    */
-  public static boolean isLinked(Key<? extends EppResource> key, DateTime now) {
-    return queryForLinkedDomains(key, now).limit(1).count() > 0;
+  public static boolean isLinked(VKey<? extends EppResource> key, DateTime now) {
+    return getLinkedDomainKeys(key, now, 1).size() > 0;
   }
 
   private EppResourceUtils() {}
diff --git a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/rdap/RdapJsonFormatter.java b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/rdap/RdapJsonFormatter.java
index 6691588cf..8bdeb1589 100644
--- a/core/src/main/java/google/registry/rdap/RdapJsonFormatter.java
+++ b/core/src/main/java/google/registry/rdap/RdapJsonFormatter.java
@@ -425,7 +425,7 @@ public class RdapJsonFormatter {
     if (outputDataType == OutputDataType.FULL) {
       ImmutableSet.Builder<StatusValue> statuses = new ImmutableSet.Builder<>();
       statuses.addAll(hostResource.getStatusValues());
-      if (isLinked(Key.create(hostResource), getRequestTime())) {
+      if (isLinked(hostResource.createVKey(), getRequestTime())) {
         statuses.add(StatusValue.LINKED);
       }
       if (hostResource.isSubordinate()
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ public class RdapJsonFormatter {
           .statusBuilder()
           .addAll(
               makeStatusValueList(
-                  isLinked(Key.create(contactResource), getRequestTime())
+                  isLinked(contactResource.createVKey(), getRequestTime())
                       ? union(contactResource.getStatusValues(), StatusValue.LINKED)
                       : contactResource.getStatusValues(),
                   false,
diff --git a/core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactDeleteFlowTest.java b/core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactDeleteFlowTest.java
index ee147ad46..bec6d1198 100644
--- a/core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactDeleteFlowTest.java
+++ b/core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactDeleteFlowTest.java
@@ -37,10 +37,12 @@ import google.registry.model.contact.ContactResource;
 import google.registry.model.eppcommon.StatusValue;
 import google.registry.model.eppcommon.Trid;
 import google.registry.model.reporting.HistoryEntry;
+import google.registry.testing.DualDatabaseTest;
+import google.registry.testing.TestOfyAndSql;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
-import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link ContactDeleteFlow}. */
+@DualDatabaseTest
 class ContactDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactDeleteFlow, ContactResource> {
 
   @BeforeEach
@@ -48,13 +50,13 @@ class ContactDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactDeleteFlow, Cont
     setEppInput("contact_delete.xml");
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testDryRun() throws Exception {
     persistActiveContact(getUniqueIdFromCommand());
     dryRunFlowAssertResponse(loadFile("contact_delete_response.xml"));
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testSuccess() throws Exception {
     persistActiveContact(getUniqueIdFromCommand());
     clock.advanceOneMilli();
@@ -71,7 +73,7 @@ class ContactDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactDeleteFlow, Cont
     assertNoBillingEvents();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testSuccess_clTridNotSpecified() throws Exception {
     setEppInput("contact_delete_no_cltrid.xml");
     persistActiveContact(getUniqueIdFromCommand());
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ class ContactDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactDeleteFlow, Cont
     assertNoBillingEvents();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_neverExisted() throws Exception {
     ResourceDoesNotExistException thrown =
         assertThrows(ResourceDoesNotExistException.class, this::runFlow);
@@ -97,7 +99,7 @@ class ContactDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactDeleteFlow, Cont
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_existedButWasDeleted() throws Exception {
     persistDeletedContact(getUniqueIdFromCommand(), clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1));
     ResourceDoesNotExistException thrown =
@@ -106,19 +108,19 @@ class ContactDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactDeleteFlow, Cont
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_existedButWasClientDeleteProhibited() throws Exception {
     doFailingStatusTest(
         StatusValue.CLIENT_DELETE_PROHIBITED, ResourceStatusProhibitsOperationException.class);
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_existedButWasServerDeleteProhibited() throws Exception {
     doFailingStatusTest(
         StatusValue.SERVER_DELETE_PROHIBITED, ResourceStatusProhibitsOperationException.class);
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_existedButWasPendingDelete() throws Exception {
     doFailingStatusTest(
         StatusValue.PENDING_DELETE, ResourceStatusProhibitsOperationException.class);
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ class ContactDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactDeleteFlow, Cont
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_unauthorizedClient() throws Exception {
     sessionMetadata.setClientId("NewRegistrar");
     persistActiveContact(getUniqueIdFromCommand());
@@ -143,7 +145,7 @@ class ContactDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactDeleteFlow, Cont
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testSuccess_superuserUnauthorizedClient() throws Exception {
     sessionMetadata.setClientId("NewRegistrar");
     persistActiveContact(getUniqueIdFromCommand());
@@ -161,7 +163,7 @@ class ContactDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactDeleteFlow, Cont
     assertNoBillingEvents();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_failfastWhenLinkedToDomain() throws Exception {
     createTld("tld");
     persistResource(
@@ -170,7 +172,7 @@ class ContactDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactDeleteFlow, Cont
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_failfastWhenLinkedToApplication() throws Exception {
     createTld("tld");
     persistResource(
@@ -179,7 +181,7 @@ class ContactDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactDeleteFlow, Cont
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testIcannActivityReportField_getsLogged() throws Exception {
     persistActiveContact(getUniqueIdFromCommand());
     clock.advanceOneMilli();
diff --git a/core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactInfoFlowTest.java b/core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactInfoFlowTest.java
index c37fa01af..26db87506 100644
--- a/core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactInfoFlowTest.java
+++ b/core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/contact/ContactInfoFlowTest.java
@@ -38,10 +38,12 @@ import google.registry.model.contact.PostalInfo.Type;
 import google.registry.model.eppcommon.AuthInfo.PasswordAuth;
 import google.registry.model.eppcommon.PresenceMarker;
 import google.registry.model.eppcommon.StatusValue;
+import google.registry.testing.DualDatabaseTest;
+import google.registry.testing.TestOfyAndSql;
 import org.joda.time.DateTime;
-import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link ContactInfoFlow}. */
+@DualDatabaseTest
 class ContactInfoFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactInfoFlow, ContactResource> {
 
   ContactInfoFlowTest() {
@@ -94,7 +96,7 @@ class ContactInfoFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactInfoFlow, ContactR
     return contact;
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testSuccess() throws Exception {
     persistContactResource(true);
     // Check that the persisted contact info was returned.
@@ -107,7 +109,7 @@ class ContactInfoFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactInfoFlow, ContactR
     assertNoBillingEvents();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testSuccess_linked() throws Exception {
     createTld("foobar");
     persistResource(newDomainBase("example.foobar", persistContactResource(true)));
@@ -121,7 +123,7 @@ class ContactInfoFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactInfoFlow, ContactR
     assertNoBillingEvents();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testSuccess_owningRegistrarWithoutAuthInfo_seesAuthInfo() throws Exception {
     setEppInput("contact_info_no_authinfo.xml");
     persistContactResource(true);
@@ -135,7 +137,7 @@ class ContactInfoFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactInfoFlow, ContactR
     assertNoBillingEvents();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_otherRegistrar_notAuthorized() throws Exception {
     setClientIdForFlow("NewRegistrar");
     persistContactResource(true);
@@ -145,7 +147,7 @@ class ContactInfoFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactInfoFlow, ContactR
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testSuccess_otherRegistrarWithoutAuthInfoAsSuperuser_doesNotSeeAuthInfo() throws Exception {
     setClientIdForFlow("NewRegistrar");
     setEppInput("contact_info_no_authinfo.xml");
@@ -162,7 +164,7 @@ class ContactInfoFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactInfoFlow, ContactR
     assertNoBillingEvents();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testSuccess_otherRegistrarWithAuthInfoAsSuperuser_seesAuthInfo() throws Exception {
     setClientIdForFlow("NewRegistrar");
     persistContactResource(true);
@@ -178,7 +180,7 @@ class ContactInfoFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactInfoFlow, ContactR
     assertNoBillingEvents();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_neverExisted() throws Exception {
     ResourceDoesNotExistException thrown =
         assertThrows(ResourceDoesNotExistException.class, this::runFlow);
@@ -186,7 +188,7 @@ class ContactInfoFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactInfoFlow, ContactR
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_existedButWasDeleted() throws Exception {
     persistContactResource(false);
     ResourceDoesNotExistException thrown =
@@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ class ContactInfoFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<ContactInfoFlow, ContactR
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testIcannActivityReportField_getsLogged() throws Exception {
     persistContactResource(true);
     runFlow();
diff --git a/core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostDeleteFlowTest.java b/core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostDeleteFlowTest.java
index 84724e1b2..afe5ed7a2 100644
--- a/core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostDeleteFlowTest.java
+++ b/core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostDeleteFlowTest.java
@@ -46,11 +46,13 @@ import google.registry.model.registry.Registry;
 import google.registry.model.reporting.HistoryEntry;
 import google.registry.model.transfer.DomainTransferData;
 import google.registry.model.transfer.TransferStatus;
+import google.registry.testing.DualDatabaseTest;
+import google.registry.testing.TestOfyAndSql;
 import org.joda.time.DateTime;
 import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
-import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
 
 /** Unit tests for {@link HostDeleteFlow}. */
+@DualDatabaseTest
 class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, HostResource> {
 
   @BeforeEach
@@ -58,13 +60,13 @@ class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, HostResour
     setEppInput("host_delete.xml", ImmutableMap.of("HOSTNAME", "ns1.example.tld"));
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testDryRun() throws Exception {
     persistActiveHost("ns1.example.tld");
     dryRunFlowAssertResponse(loadFile("host_delete_response.xml"));
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testSuccess() throws Exception {
     persistActiveHost("ns1.example.tld");
     clock.advanceOneMilli();
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, HostResour
     assertNoDnsTasksEnqueued();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testSuccess_clTridNotSpecified() throws Exception {
     setEppInput("host_delete_no_cltrid.xml", ImmutableMap.of("HOSTNAME", "ns1.example.tld"));
     persistActiveHost("ns1.example.tld");
@@ -101,14 +103,14 @@ class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, HostResour
     assertNoDnsTasksEnqueued();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_neverExisted() {
     ResourceDoesNotExistException thrown =
         assertThrows(ResourceDoesNotExistException.class, this::runFlow);
     assertThat(thrown).hasMessageThat().contains("(ns1.example.tld)");
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_existedButWasDeleted() {
     persistDeletedHost("ns1.example.tld", clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1));
     ResourceDoesNotExistException thrown =
@@ -126,25 +128,25 @@ class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, HostResour
     assertThat(e).hasMessageThat().contains(statusValue.getXmlName());
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_existedButWasClientDeleteProhibited() {
     doFailingStatusTest(
         StatusValue.CLIENT_DELETE_PROHIBITED, ResourceStatusProhibitsOperationException.class);
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_existedButWasServerDeleteProhibited() {
     doFailingStatusTest(
         StatusValue.SERVER_DELETE_PROHIBITED, ResourceStatusProhibitsOperationException.class);
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_existedButWasPendingDelete() {
     doFailingStatusTest(
         StatusValue.PENDING_DELETE, ResourceStatusProhibitsOperationException.class);
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_unauthorizedClient() {
     sessionMetadata.setClientId("NewRegistrar");
     persistActiveHost("ns1.example.tld");
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@ class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, HostResour
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testSuccess_superuserUnauthorizedClient() throws Exception {
     sessionMetadata.setClientId("NewRegistrar");
     persistActiveHost("ns1.example.tld");
@@ -171,7 +173,7 @@ class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, HostResour
     assertNoDnsTasksEnqueued();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testSuccess_authorizedClientReadFromSuperordinate() throws Exception {
     sessionMetadata.setClientId("TheRegistrar");
     createTld("tld");
@@ -191,7 +193,7 @@ class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, HostResour
     runFlowAssertResponse(loadFile("host_delete_response.xml"));
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_unauthorizedClientReadFromSuperordinate() {
     sessionMetadata.setClientId("TheRegistrar");
     createTld("tld");
@@ -211,7 +213,7 @@ class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, HostResour
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testSuccess_authorizedClientReadFromTransferredSuperordinate() throws Exception {
     sessionMetadata.setClientId("NewRegistrar");
     createTld("tld");
@@ -244,7 +246,7 @@ class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, HostResour
     runFlowAssertResponse(loadFile("host_delete_response.xml"));
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_unauthorizedClientReadFromTransferredSuperordinate() {
     sessionMetadata.setClientId("NewRegistrar");
     createTld("tld");
@@ -277,7 +279,7 @@ class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, HostResour
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_failfastWhenLinkedToDomain() {
     createTld("tld");
     persistResource(
@@ -289,14 +291,14 @@ class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, HostResour
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_nonLowerCaseHostname() {
     setEppInput("host_delete.xml", ImmutableMap.of("HOSTNAME", "NS1.EXAMPLE.NET"));
     EppException thrown = assertThrows(HostNameNotLowerCaseException.class, this::runFlow);
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_nonPunyCodedHostname() {
     setEppInput("host_delete.xml", ImmutableMap.of("HOSTNAME", "ns1.çauçalito.tld"));
     HostNameNotPunyCodedException thrown =
@@ -304,14 +306,14 @@ class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, HostResour
     assertThat(thrown).hasMessageThat().contains("expected ns1.xn--aualito-txac.tld");
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testFailure_nonCanonicalHostname() {
     setEppInput("host_delete.xml", ImmutableMap.of("HOSTNAME", "ns1.example.tld."));
     EppException thrown = assertThrows(HostNameNotNormalizedException.class, this::runFlow);
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
   }
 
-  @Test
+  @TestOfyAndSql
   void testIcannActivityReportField_getsLogged() throws Exception {
     persistActiveHost("ns1.example.tld");
     clock.advanceOneMilli();