Use the correct text VKey for HostResource's superordinateDomain (#608)

* Store the superordinateDomain reference as a VKey rather than Key

This is a reference to a Domain object, so we should store it as a VKey
in reference to the Domain table. This should not affect any business
logic, but rather will allow us to set up the SQL tables for
HostResource et al. properly.

core/src/main/java/google/registry/batch/DeleteContactsAndHostsAction.java

@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ public class DeleteContactsAndHostsAction implements Runnable {
       String resourceClientId = resource.getPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId();
       if (resource instanceof HostResource && ((HostResource) resource).isSubordinate()) {
         resourceClientId =
-            ofy().load().key(((HostResource) resource).getSuperordinateDomain()).now()
+            tm().load(((HostResource) resource).getSuperordinateDomain())
                 .cloneProjectedAtTime(now)
                 .getCurrentSponsorClientId();
       }
@@ -466,8 +466,9 @@ public class DeleteContactsAndHostsAction implements Runnable {
         HostResource host = (HostResource) existingResource;
         if (host.isSubordinate()) {
           dnsQueue.addHostRefreshTask(host.getFullyQualifiedHostName());
-          ofy().save().entity(
+          tm().saveNewOrUpdate(
-              ofy().load().key(host.getSuperordinateDomain()).now().asBuilder()
+                  tm().load(host.getSuperordinateDomain())
+                      .asBuilder()
                       .removeSubordinateHost(host.getFullyQualifiedHostName())
                       .build());
         }

core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostCreateFlow.java

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ public final class HostCreateFlow implements TransactionalFlow {
             .setFullyQualifiedHostName(targetId)
             .setInetAddresses(command.getInetAddresses())
             .setRepoId(createRepoId(ObjectifyService.allocateId(), roidSuffix))
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(superordinateDomain.map(Key::create).orElse(null))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(superordinateDomain.map(DomainBase::createVKey).orElse(null))
             .build();
     historyBuilder
         .setType(HistoryEntry.Type.HOST_CREATE)

core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostDeleteFlow.java

@@ -96,8 +96,7 @@ public final class HostDeleteFlow implements TransactionalFlow {
       // the client id, needs to be read off of it.
       EppResource owningResource =
           existingHost.isSubordinate()
-              ? ofy().load().key(existingHost.getSuperordinateDomain()).now()
+              ? tm().load(existingHost.getSuperordinateDomain()).cloneProjectedAtTime(now)
-                  .cloneProjectedAtTime(now)
               : existingHost;
       verifyResourceOwnership(clientId, owningResource);
     }

core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostInfoFlow.java

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ import static google.registry.flows.FlowUtils.validateClientIsLoggedIn;
 import static google.registry.flows.ResourceFlowUtils.loadAndVerifyExistence;
 import static google.registry.flows.host.HostFlowUtils.validateHostName;
 import static google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils.isLinked;
-import static google.registry.model.ofy.ObjectifyService.ofy;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ public final class HostInfoFlow implements Flow {
     // there is no superordinate domain, the host's own values for these fields will be correct.
     if (host.isSubordinate()) {
       DomainBase superordinateDomain =
-          ofy().load().key(host.getSuperordinateDomain()).now().cloneProjectedAtTime(now);
+          tm().load(host.getSuperordinateDomain()).cloneProjectedAtTime(now);
       hostInfoDataBuilder
           .setCurrentSponsorClientId(superordinateDomain.getCurrentSponsorClientId())
           .setLastTransferTime(host.computeLastTransferTime(superordinateDomain));

core/src/main/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostUpdateFlow.java

@@ -60,6 +60,7 @@ import google.registry.model.host.HostResource;
 import google.registry.model.index.ForeignKeyIndex;
 import google.registry.model.reporting.HistoryEntry;
 import google.registry.model.reporting.IcannReportingTypes.ActivityReportField;
+import google.registry.persistence.VKey;
 import java.util.Objects;
 import java.util.Optional;
 import javax.inject.Inject;
@@ -136,8 +137,9 @@ public final class HostUpdateFlow implements TransactionalFlow {
     boolean isHostRename = suppliedNewHostName != null;
     String oldHostName = targetId;
     String newHostName = firstNonNull(suppliedNewHostName, oldHostName);
-    DomainBase oldSuperordinateDomain = existingHost.isSubordinate()
+    DomainBase oldSuperordinateDomain =
-        ? ofy().load().key(existingHost.getSuperordinateDomain()).now().cloneProjectedAtTime(now)
+        existingHost.isSubordinate()
+            ? tm().load(existingHost.getSuperordinateDomain()).cloneProjectedAtTime(now)
             : null;
     // Note that lookupSuperordinateDomain calls cloneProjectedAtTime on the domain for us.
     Optional<DomainBase> newSuperordinateDomain =
@@ -153,8 +155,8 @@ public final class HostUpdateFlow implements TransactionalFlow {
     AddRemove remove = command.getInnerRemove();
     checkSameValuesNotAddedAndRemoved(add.getStatusValues(), remove.getStatusValues());
     checkSameValuesNotAddedAndRemoved(add.getInetAddresses(), remove.getInetAddresses());
-    Key<DomainBase> newSuperordinateDomainKey =
+    VKey<DomainBase> newSuperordinateDomainKey =
-        newSuperordinateDomain.map(Key::create).orElse(null);
+        newSuperordinateDomain.map(DomainBase::createVKey).orElse(null);
     // If the superordinateDomain field is changing, set the lastSuperordinateChange to now.
     DateTime lastSuperordinateChange =
         Objects.equals(newSuperordinateDomainKey, existingHost.getSuperordinateDomain())
@@ -280,25 +282,25 @@ public final class HostUpdateFlow implements TransactionalFlow {
     if (existingHost.isSubordinate()
         && newHost.isSubordinate()
         && Objects.equals(
-            existingHost.getSuperordinateDomain(),
+            existingHost.getSuperordinateDomain(), newHost.getSuperordinateDomain())) {
-            newHost.getSuperordinateDomain())) {
+      tm().saveNewOrUpdate(
-      ofy().save().entity(
+              tm().load(existingHost.getSuperordinateDomain())
-          ofy().load().key(existingHost.getSuperordinateDomain()).now().asBuilder()
+                  .asBuilder()
                   .removeSubordinateHost(existingHost.getFullyQualifiedHostName())
                   .addSubordinateHost(newHost.getFullyQualifiedHostName())
                   .build());
       return;
     }
     if (existingHost.isSubordinate()) {
-      ofy().save().entity(
+      tm().saveNewOrUpdate(
-          ofy().load().key(existingHost.getSuperordinateDomain()).now()
+              tm().load(existingHost.getSuperordinateDomain())
                   .asBuilder()
                   .removeSubordinateHost(existingHost.getFullyQualifiedHostName())
                   .build());
     }
     if (newHost.isSubordinate()) {
-      ofy().save().entity(
+      tm().saveNewOrUpdate(
-          ofy().load().key(newHost.getSuperordinateDomain()).now()
+              tm().load(newHost.getSuperordinateDomain())
                   .asBuilder()
                   .addSubordinateHost(newHost.getFullyQualifiedHostName())
                   .build());

core/src/main/java/google/registry/model/domain/DomainBase.java

@@ -66,6 +66,7 @@ import google.registry.model.registry.Registry;
 import google.registry.model.transfer.TransferData;
 import google.registry.model.transfer.TransferStatus;
 import google.registry.persistence.VKey;
+import google.registry.persistence.WithStringVKey;
 import google.registry.schema.replay.DatastoreAndSqlEntity;
 import google.registry.util.CollectionUtils;
 import java.util.HashSet;
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@ import org.joda.time.Interval;
       @javax.persistence.Index(columnList = "fullyQualifiedDomainName"),
       @javax.persistence.Index(columnList = "tld")
     })
+@WithStringVKey
 @ExternalMessagingName("domain")
 public class DomainBase extends EppResource
     implements DatastoreAndSqlEntity, ForeignKeyedEppResource, ResourceWithTransferData {

core/src/main/java/google/registry/model/host/HostResource.java

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public class HostResource extends EppResource
   @Index
   @IgnoreSave(IfNull.class)
   @DoNotHydrate
-  Key<DomainBase> superordinateDomain;
+  VKey<DomainBase> superordinateDomain;
 
   /**
    * The time that this resource was last transferred.
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ public class HostResource extends EppResource
     return fullyQualifiedHostName;
   }
 
-  public Key<DomainBase> getSuperordinateDomain() {
+  public VKey<DomainBase> getSuperordinateDomain() {
     return superordinateDomain;
   }
 
@@ -145,9 +145,9 @@ public class HostResource extends EppResource
    *
    * <p>If the host is not subordinate the domain can be null and we just return last transfer time.
    *
-   * @param superordinateDomain the loaded superordinate domain, which must match the key in
+   * @param superordinateDomain the loaded superordinate domain, which must match the key in the
-   *     the {@link #superordinateDomain} field. Passing it as a parameter allows the caller to
+   *     {@link #superordinateDomain} field. Passing it as a parameter allows the caller to control
-   *     control the degree of consistency used to load it.
+   *     the degree of consistency used to load it.
    */
   public DateTime computeLastTransferTime(@Nullable DomainBase superordinateDomain) {
     if (!isSubordinate()) {
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ public class HostResource extends EppResource
     }
     checkArgument(
         superordinateDomain != null
-            && Key.create(superordinateDomain).equals(getSuperordinateDomain()));
+            && superordinateDomain.createVKey().equals(getSuperordinateDomain()));
     DateTime lastSuperordinateChange =
         Optional.ofNullable(getLastSuperordinateChange()).orElse(getCreationTime());
     DateTime lastTransferOfCurrentSuperordinate =
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ public class HostResource extends EppResource
           difference(getInstance().getInetAddresses(), inetAddresses)));
     }
 
-    public Builder setSuperordinateDomain(Key<DomainBase> superordinateDomain) {
+    public Builder setSuperordinateDomain(VKey<DomainBase> superordinateDomain) {
       getInstance().superordinateDomain = superordinateDomain;
       return this;
     }

core/src/main/java/google/registry/rdap/RdapJsonFormatter.java

@@ -433,10 +433,7 @@ public class RdapJsonFormatter {
         statuses.add(StatusValue.LINKED);
       }
       if (hostResource.isSubordinate()
-          && ofy()
+          && tm().load(hostResource.getSuperordinateDomain())
-              .load()
-              .key(hostResource.getSuperordinateDomain())
-              .now()
               .cloneProjectedAtTime(getRequestTime())
               .getStatusValues()
               .contains(StatusValue.PENDING_TRANSFER)) {

core/src/main/java/google/registry/rde/HostResourceToXjcConverter.java

@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@ package google.registry.rde;
 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkArgument;
 
 import com.google.common.net.InetAddresses;
-import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
 import google.registry.model.eppcommon.StatusValue;
 import google.registry.model.host.HostResource;
@@ -35,9 +34,8 @@ import org.joda.time.DateTime;
 final class HostResourceToXjcConverter {
 
   /** Converts a subordinate {@link HostResource} to {@link XjcRdeHostElement}. */
-  static XjcRdeHostElement convertSubordinate(
+  static XjcRdeHostElement convertSubordinate(HostResource host, DomainBase superordinateDomain) {
-      HostResource host, DomainBase superordinateDomain) {
+    checkArgument(superordinateDomain.createVKey().equals(host.getSuperordinateDomain()));
-    checkArgument(Key.create(superordinateDomain).equals(host.getSuperordinateDomain()));
     return new XjcRdeHostElement(convertSubordinateHost(host, superordinateDomain));
   }
 

core/src/main/java/google/registry/rde/RdeStagingMapper.java

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import static com.google.common.base.Strings.nullToEmpty;
 import static com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet.toImmutableSet;
 import static google.registry.model.EppResourceUtils.loadAtPointInTime;
 import static google.registry.model.ofy.ObjectifyService.ofy;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
 
 import com.google.appengine.tools.mapreduce.Mapper;
 import com.google.auto.value.AutoValue;
@@ -186,12 +187,15 @@ public final class RdeStagingMapper extends Mapper<EppResource, PendingDeposit,
         return result;
       } else if (resource instanceof HostResource) {
         HostResource host = (HostResource) resource;
-        result = Optional.of(host.isSubordinate()
+        result =
+            Optional.of(
+                host.isSubordinate()
                     ? marshaller.marshalSubordinateHost(
                         host,
-                // Note that loadAtPointInTime() does cloneProjectedAtTime(watermark) for us.
+                        // Note that loadAtPointInTime() does cloneProjectedAtTime(watermark) for
-                loadAtPointInTime(
+                        // us.
-                    ofy().load().key(host.getSuperordinateDomain()).now(), watermark).now())
+                        loadAtPointInTime(tm().load(host.getSuperordinateDomain()), watermark)
+                            .now())
                     : marshaller.marshalExternalHost(host));
         cache.put(WatermarkModePair.create(watermark, RdeMode.FULL), result);
         cache.put(WatermarkModePair.create(watermark, RdeMode.THIN), result);

core/src/main/java/google/registry/whois/NameserverWhoisResponse.java

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ package google.registry.whois;
 
 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkNotNull;
 import static com.google.common.base.Preconditions.checkState;
-import static google.registry.model.ofy.ObjectifyService.ofy;
+import static google.registry.persistence.transaction.TransactionManagerFactory.tm;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import com.google.common.net.InetAddresses;
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ final class NameserverWhoisResponse extends WhoisResponseImpl {
       HostResource host = hosts.get(i);
       String clientId =
           host.isSubordinate()
-              ? ofy().load().key(host.getSuperordinateDomain()).now()
+              ? tm().load(host.getSuperordinateDomain())
                   .cloneProjectedAtTime(getTimestamp())
                   .getCurrentSponsorClientId()
               : host.getPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId();

core/src/main/resources/META-INF/persistence.xml

@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@
 
     <!-- Generated converters for VKey -->
     <class>google.registry.model.billing.VKeyConverter_BillingEvent</class>
+    <class>google.registry.model.domain.VKeyConverter_DomainBase</class>
     <class>google.registry.model.domain.token.VKeyConverter_AllocationToken</class>
     <class>google.registry.model.host.VKeyConverter_HostResource</class>
     <class>google.registry.model.contact.VKeyConverter_ContactResource</class>

core/src/test/java/google/registry/batch/DeleteContactsAndHostsActionTest.java

@@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ public class DeleteContactsAndHostsActionTest
         persistResource(
             persistHostPendingDelete("ns2.example.tld")
                 .asBuilder()
-                .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+                .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
                 .build());
     enqueuer.enqueueAsyncDelete(
         host,

core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/EppLifecycleHostTest.java

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import static google.registry.testing.EppMetricSubject.assertThat;
 import static google.registry.testing.HostResourceSubject.assertAboutHosts;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
-import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
 import google.registry.model.host.HostResource;
 import google.registry.testing.AppEngineRule;
@@ -221,7 +220,7 @@ public class EppLifecycleHostTest extends EppTestCase {
         loadByForeignKey(DomainBase.class, "example.bar.foo.tld", timeAfterCreates).get();
     assertAboutHosts()
         .that(exampleBarFooTldHost)
-        .hasSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(exampleBarFooTldDomain));
+        .hasSuperordinateDomain(exampleBarFooTldDomain.createVKey());
     assertThat(exampleBarFooTldDomain.getSubordinateHosts())
         .containsExactly("ns1.example.bar.foo.tld");
 
@@ -231,14 +230,14 @@ public class EppLifecycleHostTest extends EppTestCase {
         loadByForeignKey(DomainBase.class, "example.foo.tld", timeAfterCreates).get();
     assertAboutHosts()
         .that(exampleFooTldHost)
-        .hasSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(exampleFooTldDomain));
+        .hasSuperordinateDomain(exampleFooTldDomain.createVKey());
     assertThat(exampleFooTldDomain.getSubordinateHosts()).containsExactly("ns1.example.foo.tld");
 
     HostResource exampleTldHost =
         loadByForeignKey(HostResource.class, "ns1.example.tld", timeAfterCreates).get();
     DomainBase exampleTldDomain =
         loadByForeignKey(DomainBase.class, "example.tld", timeAfterCreates).get();
-    assertAboutHosts().that(exampleTldHost).hasSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(exampleTldDomain));
+    assertAboutHosts().that(exampleTldHost).hasSuperordinateDomain(exampleTldDomain.createVKey());
     assertThat(exampleTldDomain.getSubordinateHosts()).containsExactly("ns1.example.tld");
 
     assertThatLogoutSucceeds();

core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/domain/DomainDeleteFlowTest.java

@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ public class DomainDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<DomainDeleteFlow,
     persistResource(
         newHostResource("ns1." + getUniqueIdFromCommand())
             .asBuilder()
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(reloadResourceByForeignKey()))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(reloadResourceByForeignKey().createVKey())
             .setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1))
             .build());
     clock.advanceOneMilli();
@@ -767,7 +767,7 @@ public class DomainDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<DomainDeleteFlow,
         persistResource(
             newHostResource("ns1." + getUniqueIdFromCommand())
                 .asBuilder()
-                .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(reloadResourceByForeignKey()))
+                .setSuperordinateDomain(reloadResourceByForeignKey().createVKey())
                 .build());
     persistResource(
         domain.asBuilder().addSubordinateHost(subordinateHost.getFullyQualifiedHostName()).build());

core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/domain/DomainInfoFlowTest.java

@@ -123,14 +123,14 @@ public class DomainInfoFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<DomainInfoFlow, Dom
                 .build());
     // Set the superordinate domain of ns1.example.com to example.com. In reality, this would have
     // happened in the flow that created it, but here we just overwrite it in Datastore.
-    host1 = persistResource(host1.asBuilder().setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain)).build());
+    host1 = persistResource(host1.asBuilder().setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey()).build());
     // Create a subordinate host that is not delegated to by anyone.
     host3 =
         persistResource(
             new HostResource.Builder()
                 .setFullyQualifiedHostName("ns2.example.tld")
                 .setRepoId("3FF-TLD")
-                .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+                .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
                 .build());
     // Add the subordinate host keys to the existing domain.
     domain =

core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/domain/DomainTransferFlowTestCase.java

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ import static google.registry.util.DateTimeUtils.END_OF_TIME;
 
 import com.google.common.base.Ascii;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
-import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.flows.Flow;
 import google.registry.flows.ResourceFlowTestCase;
 import google.registry.model.EppResource;
@@ -116,7 +115,7 @@ public class DomainTransferFlowTestCase<F extends Flow, R extends EppResource>
             .setPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId("TheRegistrar")
             .setCreationClientId("TheRegistrar")
             .setCreationTimeForTest(DateTime.parse("1999-04-03T22:00:00.0Z"))
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
             .build());
     domain =
         persistResource(

core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/domain/DomainUpdateFlowTest.java

@@ -389,8 +389,8 @@ public class DomainUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<DomainUpdateFlow,
     HostResource existingHost =
         loadByForeignKey(HostResource.class, "ns1.example.tld", clock.nowUtc()).get();
     addedHost = loadByForeignKey(HostResource.class, "ns2.example.tld", clock.nowUtc()).get();
-    assertThat(existingHost.getSuperordinateDomain()).isEqualTo(Key.create(domain));
+    assertThat(existingHost.getSuperordinateDomain()).isEqualTo(domain.createVKey());
-    assertThat(addedHost.getSuperordinateDomain()).isEqualTo(Key.create(domain));
+    assertThat(addedHost.getSuperordinateDomain()).isEqualTo(domain.createVKey());
   }
 
   @Test

core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostCreateFlowTest.java

@@ -34,7 +34,6 @@ import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import com.google.common.base.Strings;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
-import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.flows.EppException;
 import google.registry.flows.FlowUtils.IpAddressVersionMismatchException;
 import google.registry.flows.ResourceFlowTestCase;
@@ -119,7 +118,7 @@ public class HostCreateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostCreateFlow, Hos
     HostResource host = reloadResourceByForeignKey();
     DomainBase superordinateDomain =
         loadByForeignKey(DomainBase.class, "example.tld", clock.nowUtc()).get();
-    assertAboutHosts().that(host).hasSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(superordinateDomain));
+    assertAboutHosts().that(host).hasSuperordinateDomain(superordinateDomain.createVKey());
     assertThat(superordinateDomain.getSubordinateHosts()).containsExactly("ns1.example.tld");
     assertDnsTasksEnqueued("ns1.example.tld");
   }
@@ -148,7 +147,7 @@ public class HostCreateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostCreateFlow, Hos
     HostResource host = reloadResourceByForeignKey();
     DomainBase superordinateDomain =
         loadByForeignKey(DomainBase.class, "example.tld", clock.nowUtc()).get();
-    assertAboutHosts().that(host).hasSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(superordinateDomain));
+    assertAboutHosts().that(host).hasSuperordinateDomain(superordinateDomain.createVKey());
     assertThat(superordinateDomain.getSubordinateHosts()).containsExactly("ns1.example.tld");
     assertDnsTasksEnqueued("ns1.example.tld");
   }

core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostDeleteFlowTest.java

@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
-import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.flows.EppException;
 import google.registry.flows.ResourceFlowTestCase;
 import google.registry.flows.ResourceFlowUtils.ResourceDoesNotExistException;
@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ public class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, Hos
         newHostResource("ns1.example.tld")
             .asBuilder()
             .setPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId("NewRegistrar") // Shouldn't hurt.
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
             .build());
     clock.advanceOneMilli();
     runFlowAssertResponse(loadFile("host_delete_response.xml"));
@@ -206,7 +205,7 @@ public class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, Hos
         newHostResource("ns1.example.tld")
             .asBuilder()
             .setPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId("TheRegistrar") // Shouldn't help.
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
             .build());
     EppException thrown = assertThrows(ResourceNotOwnedException.class, this::runFlow);
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();
@@ -239,7 +238,7 @@ public class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, Hos
         newHostResource("ns1.example.tld")
             .asBuilder()
             .setPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId("TheRegistrar") // Shouldn't hurt.
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
             .build());
     clock.advanceOneMilli();
     runFlowAssertResponse(loadFile("host_delete_response.xml"));
@@ -272,7 +271,7 @@ public class HostDeleteFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostDeleteFlow, Hos
         newHostResource("ns1.example.tld")
             .asBuilder()
             .setPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId("NewRegistrar") // Shouldn't help.
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
             .build());
     EppException thrown = assertThrows(ResourceNotOwnedException.class, this::runFlow);
     assertAboutEppExceptions().that(thrown).marshalsToXml();

core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostInfoFlowTest.java

@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableMap;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.common.net.InetAddresses;
-import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.flows.EppException;
 import google.registry.flows.ResourceFlowTestCase;
 import google.registry.flows.ResourceFlowUtils.ResourceDoesNotExistException;
@@ -118,7 +117,7 @@ public class HostInfoFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostInfoFlow, HostRes
         persistHostResource()
             .asBuilder()
             .setRepoId("CEEF-FOOBAR")
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
             .setLastSuperordinateChange(lastSuperordinateChange)
             .build());
     assertTransactionalFlow(false);

core/src/test/java/google/registry/flows/host/HostUpdateFlowTest.java

@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
         .that(reloadResourceByForeignKey())
         .hasLastSuperordinateChange(oldHost.getLastSuperordinateChange())
         .and()
-        .hasSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+        .hasSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
         .and()
         .hasPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId("TheRegistrar")
         .and()
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
         .that(reloadResourceByForeignKey())
         .hasLastSuperordinateChange(oldHost.getLastSuperordinateChange())
         .and()
-        .hasSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+        .hasSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
         .and()
         .hasPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId("NewRegistrar")
         .and()
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
     HostResource renamedHost = doSuccessfulTest();
     assertAboutHosts()
         .that(renamedHost)
-        .hasSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+        .hasSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
         .and()
         .hasLastSuperordinateChange(oldHost.getLastSuperordinateChange())
         .and()
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
     DateTime now = clock.nowUtc();
     assertAboutHosts()
         .that(renamedHost)
-        .hasSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(example))
+        .hasSuperordinateDomain(example.createVKey())
         .and()
         .hasLastSuperordinateChange(now)
         .and()
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
     DateTime now = clock.nowUtc();
     assertAboutHosts()
         .that(renamedHost)
-        .hasSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(tldDomain))
+        .hasSuperordinateDomain(tldDomain.createVKey())
         .and()
         .hasLastSuperordinateChange(now)
         .and()
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
     DateTime now = clock.nowUtc();
     assertAboutHosts()
         .that(renamedHost)
-        .hasSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+        .hasSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
         .and()
         .hasLastSuperordinateChange(now)
         .and()
@@ -514,7 +514,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
     persistResource(
         newHostResource(oldHostName())
             .asBuilder()
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(foo))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(foo.createVKey())
             .setLastTransferTime(null)
             .build());
     persistResource(foo.asBuilder().setSubordinateHosts(ImmutableSet.of(oldHostName())).build());
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
         persistResource(
             newHostResource(oldHostName())
                 .asBuilder()
-                .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+                .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
                 .setLastTransferTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(20))
                 .setLastSuperordinateChange(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(3))
                 .build());
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
     persistResource(
         newHostResource(oldHostName())
             .asBuilder()
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(foo))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(foo.createVKey())
             .setLastTransferTime(lastTransferTime)
             .setLastSuperordinateChange(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(3))
             .build());
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
     persistResource(
         newHostResource(oldHostName())
             .asBuilder()
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(foo))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(foo.createVKey())
             .setLastTransferTime(lastTransferTime)
             .setLastSuperordinateChange(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(10))
             .build());
@@ -649,7 +649,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
     persistResource(
         newHostResource(oldHostName())
             .asBuilder()
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(foo))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(foo.createVKey())
             .setLastTransferTime(null)
             .setLastSuperordinateChange(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(3))
             .build());
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
     persistResource(
         newHostResource(oldHostName())
             .asBuilder()
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
             .build());
     DateTime lastTransferTime = clock.nowUtc().minusDays(2);
     persistResource(
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
     persistResource(
         newHostResource(oldHostName())
             .asBuilder()
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
             .setLastTransferTime(lastTransferTime)
             .setLastSuperordinateChange(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(4))
             .build());
@@ -747,7 +747,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
     persistResource(
         newHostResource(oldHostName())
             .asBuilder()
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
             .setLastTransferTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(12))
             .setLastSuperordinateChange(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(4))
             .build());
@@ -1017,7 +1017,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
         newHostResource(oldHostName())
             .asBuilder()
             .setStatusValues(ImmutableSet.of(StatusValue.CLIENT_UPDATE_PROHIBITED))
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(persistActiveDomain("example.tld")))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(persistActiveDomain("example.tld").createVKey())
             .build());
     EppException thrown =
         assertThrows(ResourceHasClientUpdateProhibitedException.class, this::runFlow);
@@ -1031,7 +1031,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
         newHostResource(oldHostName())
             .asBuilder()
             .setStatusValues(ImmutableSet.of(StatusValue.SERVER_UPDATE_PROHIBITED))
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(persistActiveDomain("example.tld")))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(persistActiveDomain("example.tld").createVKey())
             .build());
     ResourceStatusProhibitsOperationException thrown =
         assertThrows(ResourceStatusProhibitsOperationException.class, this::runFlow);
@@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
         newHostResource(oldHostName())
             .asBuilder()
             .setStatusValues(ImmutableSet.of(StatusValue.PENDING_DELETE))
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(persistActiveDomain("example.tld")))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(persistActiveDomain("example.tld").createVKey())
             .build());
     ResourceStatusProhibitsOperationException thrown =
         assertThrows(ResourceStatusProhibitsOperationException.class, this::runFlow);
@@ -1105,7 +1105,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
         newHostResource("ns1.example.tld")
             .asBuilder()
             .setPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId("TheRegistrar") // Shouldn't hurt.
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
             .setInetAddresses(ImmutableSet.of(InetAddresses.forString("127.0.0.1")))
             .build());
 
@@ -1127,7 +1127,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
         newHostResource("ns1.example.tld")
             .asBuilder()
             .setPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId("NewRegistrar") // Shouldn't help.
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
             .setInetAddresses(ImmutableSet.of(InetAddresses.forString("127.0.0.1")))
             .build());
 
@@ -1145,7 +1145,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
         newHostResource("ns1.example.tld")
             .asBuilder()
             .setPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId("TheRegistrar") // Shouldn't hurt.
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
             .setInetAddresses(ImmutableSet.of(InetAddresses.forString("127.0.0.1")))
             .build());
 
@@ -1163,7 +1163,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
         newHostResource("ns1.example.tld")
             .asBuilder()
             .setPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId("TheRegistrar") // Shouldn't help.
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
             .setInetAddresses(ImmutableSet.of(InetAddresses.forString("127.0.0.1")))
             .build());
 
@@ -1228,7 +1228,7 @@ public class HostUpdateFlowTest extends ResourceFlowTestCase<HostUpdateFlow, Hos
     persistResource(
         newHostResource("ns1.example.foo")
             .asBuilder()
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(superordinate))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(superordinate.createVKey())
             .setPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId("NewRegistrar")
             .build());
 

core/src/test/java/google/registry/model/domain/DomainBaseTest.java

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ public class DomainBaseTest extends EntityTestCase {
         persistResource(
                 new HostResource.Builder()
                     .setFullyQualifiedHostName("ns1.example.com")
-                    .setSuperordinateDomain(domainKey)
+                    .setSuperordinateDomain(VKey.createOfy(DomainBase.class, domainKey))
                     .setRepoId("1-COM")
                     .build())
             .createVKey();

core/src/test/java/google/registry/model/host/HostResourceTest.java

@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ public class HostResourceTest extends EntityTestCase {
                     .setLastTransferTime(fakeClock.nowUtc())
                     .setInetAddresses(ImmutableSet.of(InetAddresses.forString("127.0.0.1")))
                     .setStatusValues(ImmutableSet.of(StatusValue.OK))
-                    .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+                    .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
                     .build()));
   }
 
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ public class HostResourceTest extends EntityTestCase {
                     .setLastEppUpdateClientId("another registrar")
                     .setInetAddresses(ImmutableSet.of(InetAddresses.forString("127.0.0.1")))
                     .setStatusValues(ImmutableSet.of(StatusValue.OK))
-                    .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+                    .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
                     .build()));
     assertThat(host.computeLastTransferTime(domain)).isNull();
   }

core/src/test/java/google/registry/rdap/RdapDomainSearchActionTest.java

@@ -37,7 +37,6 @@ import com.google.common.collect.Range;
 import com.google.gson.JsonArray;
 import com.google.gson.JsonElement;
 import com.google.gson.JsonObject;
-import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.model.contact.ContactResource;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
 import google.registry.model.domain.Period;
@@ -81,14 +80,18 @@ public class RdapDomainSearchActionTest extends RdapSearchActionTestCase<RdapDom
   private HostResource hostNs2CatLol;
   private HashMap<String, HostResource> hostNameToHostMap = new HashMap<>();
 
-  enum RequestType { NONE, NAME, NS_LDH_NAME, NS_IP }
+  enum RequestType {
+    NONE,
+    NAME,
+    NS_LDH_NAME,
+    NS_IP
+  }
 
   private JsonObject generateActualJson(RequestType requestType, String paramValue) {
     return generateActualJson(requestType, paramValue, null);
   }
 
-  private JsonObject generateActualJson(
+  private JsonObject generateActualJson(RequestType requestType, String paramValue, String cursor) {
-      RequestType requestType, String paramValue, String cursor) {
     action.requestPath = actionPath;
     action.requestMethod = POST;
     String requestTypeParam = null;
@@ -179,9 +182,9 @@ public class RdapDomainSearchActionTest extends RdapSearchActionTestCase<RdapDom
                 .setCreationClientId("foo")
                 .build());
     persistResource(
-        hostNs1CatLol.asBuilder().setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domainCatLol)).build());
+        hostNs1CatLol.asBuilder().setSuperordinateDomain(domainCatLol.createVKey()).build());
     persistResource(
-        hostNs2CatLol.asBuilder().setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domainCatLol)).build());
+        hostNs2CatLol.asBuilder().setSuperordinateDomain(domainCatLol.createVKey()).build());
 
     domainCatLol2 =
         persistResource(
@@ -220,7 +223,8 @@ public class RdapDomainSearchActionTest extends RdapSearchActionTestCase<RdapDom
                 .build());
     // cat.example
     createTld("example");
-    registrar = persistResource(
+    registrar =
+        persistResource(
             makeRegistrar("goodregistrar", "St. John Chrysostom", Registrar.State.ACTIVE));
     persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarContacts(registrar));
     domainCatExample =
@@ -297,8 +301,7 @@ public class RdapDomainSearchActionTest extends RdapSearchActionTestCase<RdapDom
                 .build());
     // cat.1.test
     createTld("1.test");
-    registrar =
+    registrar = persistResource(makeRegistrar("multiregistrar", "1.test", Registrar.State.ACTIVE));
-        persistResource(makeRegistrar("multiregistrar", "1.test", Registrar.State.ACTIVE));
     persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarContacts(registrar));
     domainMultipart =
         persistResource(
@@ -395,10 +398,7 @@ public class RdapDomainSearchActionTest extends RdapSearchActionTestCase<RdapDom
 
   private void deleteCatLol() {
     persistResource(
-        domainCatLol
+        domainCatLol.asBuilder().setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusMonths(6)).build());
-            .asBuilder()
-            .setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusMonths(6))
-            .build());
     persistResource(
         makeHistoryEntry(
             domainCatLol,
@@ -416,8 +416,11 @@ public class RdapDomainSearchActionTest extends RdapSearchActionTestCase<RdapDom
     for (int i = numHosts; i >= 1; i--) {
       String hostName = String.format("ns%d.%s", i, mainDomainName);
       subordinateHostnamesBuilder.add(hostName);
-      HostResource host = makeAndPersistHostResource(
+      HostResource host =
-          hostName, String.format("5.5.%d.%d", 5 + i / 250, i % 250), clock.nowUtc().minusYears(1));
+          makeAndPersistHostResource(
+              hostName,
+              String.format("5.5.%d.%d", 5 + i / 250, i % 250),
+              clock.nowUtc().minusYears(1));
       hostKeysBuilder.add(host.createVKey());
     }
     ImmutableSet<VKey<HostResource>> hostKeys = hostKeysBuilder.build();
@@ -533,8 +536,7 @@ public class RdapDomainSearchActionTest extends RdapSearchActionTestCase<RdapDom
     assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(200);
   }
 
-  private void runNotFoundTest(
+  private void runNotFoundTest(RequestType requestType, String queryString, String errorMessage) {
-      RequestType requestType, String queryString, String errorMessage) {
     rememberWildcardType(queryString);
     assertThat(generateActualJson(requestType, queryString))
         .isEqualTo(generateExpectedJsonError(errorMessage, 404));
@@ -654,9 +656,9 @@ public class RdapDomainSearchActionTest extends RdapSearchActionTestCase<RdapDom
   @Test
   public void testInvalidRequest_rejected() {
     assertThat(generateActualJson(RequestType.NONE, null))
-        .isEqualTo(generateExpectedJsonError(
+        .isEqualTo(
-            "You must specify either name=XXXX, nsLdhName=YYYY or nsIp=ZZZZ",
+            generateExpectedJsonError(
-            400));
+                "You must specify either name=XXXX, nsLdhName=YYYY or nsIp=ZZZZ", 400));
     assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(400);
     verifyErrorMetrics(SearchType.NONE, Optional.empty(), 400);
   }
@@ -1458,24 +1460,21 @@ public class RdapDomainSearchActionTest extends RdapSearchActionTestCase<RdapDom
 
   @Test
   public void testNameserverMatchDeletedNameserver_notFound() {
-    persistResource(
+    persistResource(hostNs1CatLol.asBuilder().setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1)).build());
-        hostNs1CatLol.asBuilder().setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1)).build());
     runNotFoundTest(RequestType.NS_LDH_NAME, "ns1.cat.lol", "No matching nameservers found");
     verifyErrorMetrics(SearchType.BY_NAMESERVER_NAME, Optional.empty(), Optional.of(0L), 404);
   }
 
   @Test
   public void testNameserverMatchDeletedNameserverWithWildcard_notFound() {
-    persistResource(
+    persistResource(hostNs1CatLol.asBuilder().setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1)).build());
-        hostNs1CatLol.asBuilder().setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1)).build());
     runNotFoundTest(RequestType.NS_LDH_NAME, "ns1.cat.l*", "No matching nameservers found");
     verifyErrorMetrics(SearchType.BY_NAMESERVER_NAME, Optional.empty(), Optional.of(0L), 404);
   }
 
   @Test
   public void testNameserverMatchDeletedNameserverWithWildcardAndSuffix_notFound() {
-    persistResource(
+    persistResource(hostNs1CatLol.asBuilder().setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1)).build());
-        hostNs1CatLol.asBuilder().setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1)).build());
     runNotFoundTest(RequestType.NS_LDH_NAME, "ns1*.cat.lol", "No matching nameservers found");
     verifyErrorMetrics(SearchType.BY_NAMESERVER_NAME, Optional.empty(), Optional.of(0L), 404);
   }

core/src/test/java/google/registry/rdap/RdapJsonFormatterTest.java

@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableList;
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.gson.Gson;
 import com.google.gson.JsonObject;
-import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.model.contact.ContactResource;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
 import google.registry.model.eppcommon.StatusValue;
@@ -159,7 +158,6 @@ public class RdapJsonFormatterTest {
                     "ns1.dog.みんな", null, null, clock.nowUtc().minusYears(6), "unicoderegistrar")
                 .asBuilder()
                 .setSuperordinateDomain(
-                    Key.create(
                     persistResource(
                             makeDomainBase(
                                     "dog.みんな",
@@ -182,7 +180,8 @@ public class RdapJsonFormatterTest {
                                         .setTransferredRegistrationExpirationTime(
                                             DateTime.parse("2111-10-08T00:44:59Z"))
                                         .build())
-                                .build())))
+                                .build())
+                        .createVKey())
                 .build());
     domainBaseFull =
         persistResource(

core/src/test/java/google/registry/rdap/RdapNameserverSearchActionTest.java

@@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.gson.JsonArray;
 import com.google.gson.JsonElement;
 import com.google.gson.JsonObject;
-import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
 import google.registry.model.host.HostResource;
 import google.registry.model.registrar.Registrar;
@@ -111,9 +110,10 @@ public class RdapNameserverSearchActionTest
         persistResource(
             makeRegistrar("evilregistrar", "Yes Virginia <script>", Registrar.State.ACTIVE));
     persistSimpleResources(makeRegistrarContacts(registrar));
-    hostNs1CatLol = makeAndPersistHostResource(
+    hostNs1CatLol =
-        "ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4", clock.nowUtc().minusYears(1));
+        makeAndPersistHostResource("ns1.cat.lol", "1.2.3.4", clock.nowUtc().minusYears(1));
-    hostNs2CatLol = makeAndPersistHostResource(
+    hostNs2CatLol =
+        makeAndPersistHostResource(
             "ns2.cat.lol", "bad:f00d:cafe::15:beef", clock.nowUtc().minusYears(1));
     makeAndPersistHostResource(
         "ns1.cat2.lol", "1.2.3.3", "bad:f00d:cafe::15:beef", clock.nowUtc().minusYears(1));
@@ -132,13 +132,16 @@ public class RdapNameserverSearchActionTest
     makeAndPersistHostResource("ns1.cat.1.test", "1.2.3.6", clock.nowUtc().minusYears(1));
 
     // create a domain so that we can use it as a test nameserver search string suffix
-    domainCatLol = persistResource(
+    domainCatLol =
+        persistResource(
             makeDomainBase(
                     "cat.lol",
                     persistResource(
-                    makeContactResource("5372808-ERL", "Goblin Market", "lol@cat.lol", registrar)),
+                        makeContactResource(
+                            "5372808-ERL", "Goblin Market", "lol@cat.lol", registrar)),
                     persistResource(
-                    makeContactResource("5372808-IRL", "Santa Claus", "BOFH@cat.lol", registrar)),
+                        makeContactResource(
+                            "5372808-IRL", "Santa Claus", "BOFH@cat.lol", registrar)),
                     persistResource(
                         makeContactResource("5372808-TRL", "The Raven", "bog@cat.lol", registrar)),
                     hostNs1CatLol,
@@ -148,9 +151,9 @@ public class RdapNameserverSearchActionTest
                 .setSubordinateHosts(ImmutableSet.of("ns1.cat.lol", "ns2.cat.lol"))
                 .build());
     persistResource(
-        hostNs1CatLol.asBuilder().setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domainCatLol)).build());
+        hostNs1CatLol.asBuilder().setSuperordinateDomain(domainCatLol.createVKey()).build());
     persistResource(
-        hostNs2CatLol.asBuilder().setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domainCatLol)).build());
+        hostNs2CatLol.asBuilder().setSuperordinateDomain(domainCatLol.createVKey()).build());
 
     action.ipParam = Optional.empty();
     action.nameParam = Optional.empty();
@@ -187,10 +190,9 @@ public class RdapNameserverSearchActionTest
       hostsBuilder.add(makeHostResource(hostName, "5.5.5.1", "5.5.5.2"));
     }
     persistResources(hostsBuilder.build());
-    domainCatLol = persistResource(
+    domainCatLol =
-        domainCatLol.asBuilder()
+        persistResource(
-            .setSubordinateHosts(subordinateHostsBuilder.build())
+            domainCatLol.asBuilder().setSubordinateHosts(subordinateHostsBuilder.build()).build());
-            .build());
   }
 
   private void createDeletedHost() {
@@ -245,10 +247,7 @@ public class RdapNameserverSearchActionTest
   public void testInvalidRequest_rejected() {
     action.run();
     assertThat(parseJsonObject(response.getPayload()))
-        .isEqualTo(
+        .isEqualTo(generateExpectedJsonError("You must specify either name=XXXX or ip=YYYY", 400));
-            generateExpectedJsonError(
-                "You must specify either name=XXXX or ip=YYYY",
-                400));
     assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(400);
     verifyErrorMetrics(Optional.empty(), 400);
   }
@@ -294,8 +293,7 @@ public class RdapNameserverSearchActionTest
   public void testNoCharactersToMatch_rejected() {
     assertThat(generateActualJsonWithName("*"))
         .isEqualTo(
-            generateExpectedJsonError(
+            generateExpectedJsonError("Initial search string must be at least 2 characters", 422));
-                "Initial search string must be at least 2 characters", 422));
     assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(422);
     verifyErrorMetrics(Optional.empty(), 422);
   }
@@ -304,8 +302,7 @@ public class RdapNameserverSearchActionTest
   public void testFewerThanTwoCharactersToMatch_rejected() {
     assertThat(generateActualJsonWithName("a*"))
         .isEqualTo(
-            generateExpectedJsonError(
+            generateExpectedJsonError("Initial search string must be at least 2 characters", 422));
-                "Initial search string must be at least 2 characters", 422));
     assertThat(response.getStatus()).isEqualTo(422);
     verifyErrorMetrics(Optional.empty(), 422);
   }
@@ -349,7 +346,8 @@ public class RdapNameserverSearchActionTest
   @Test
   public void testNameMatch_ns2_cat_lol_found() {
     assertThat(generateActualJsonWithName("ns2.cat.lol"))
-        .isEqualTo(generateExpectedJsonForNameserver(
+        .isEqualTo(
+            generateExpectedJsonForNameserver(
                 "ns2.cat.lol",
                 null,
                 "4-ROID",
@@ -535,8 +533,7 @@ public class RdapNameserverSearchActionTest
 
   @Test
   public void testNameMatchDeletedHost_foundTheOtherHost() {
-    persistResource(
+    persistResource(hostNs1CatLol.asBuilder().setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1)).build());
-        hostNs1CatLol.asBuilder().setDeletionTime(clock.nowUtc().minusDays(1)).build());
     assertThat(generateActualJsonWithName("ns*.cat.lol"))
         .isEqualTo(
             generateExpectedJsonForNameserver(
@@ -648,8 +645,7 @@ public class RdapNameserverSearchActionTest
    * @param expectedNames an immutable list of the host names we expect to retrieve
    */
   private void checkCursorNavigation(
-      boolean byName, String paramValue, ImmutableList<String> expectedNames)
+      boolean byName, String paramValue, ImmutableList<String> expectedNames) throws Exception {
-      throws Exception {
     String cursor = null;
     int expectedNameOffset = 0;
     int expectedPageCount =

core/src/test/java/google/registry/rde/HostResourceToXjcConverterTest.java

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import static org.junit.Assert.assertThrows;
 
 import com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSet;
 import com.google.common.net.InetAddresses;
-import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
 import google.registry.model.eppcommon.StatusValue;
 import google.registry.model.host.HostResource;
@@ -43,8 +42,8 @@ import org.junit.runners.JUnit4;
 /**
  * Unit tests for {@link HostResourceToXjcConverter}.
  *
- * <p>This tests the mapping between {@link HostResource} and {@link XjcRdeHost} as well as
+ * <p>This tests the mapping between {@link HostResource} and {@link XjcRdeHost} as well as some
- * some exceptional conditions.
+ * exceptional conditions.
  */
 @RunWith(JUnit4.class)
 public class HostResourceToXjcConverterTest {
@@ -59,12 +58,15 @@ public class HostResourceToXjcConverterTest {
 
   @Test
   public void testConvertSubordinateHost() {
-    DomainBase domain = newDomainBase("love.foobar").asBuilder()
+    DomainBase domain =
+        newDomainBase("love.foobar")
+            .asBuilder()
             .setPersistedCurrentSponsorClientId("LeisureDog")
             .setLastTransferTime(DateTime.parse("2010-01-01T00:00:00Z"))
             .addStatusValue(StatusValue.PENDING_TRANSFER)
             .build();
-    XjcRdeHost bean = HostResourceToXjcConverter.convertSubordinateHost(
+    XjcRdeHost bean =
+        HostResourceToXjcConverter.convertSubordinateHost(
             new HostResource.Builder()
                 .setCreationClientId("LawyerCat")
                 .setCreationTimeForTest(DateTime.parse("1900-01-01T00:00:00Z"))
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ public class HostResourceToXjcConverterTest {
                 .setLastEppUpdateTime(DateTime.parse("1920-01-01T00:00:00Z"))
                 .setRepoId("2-roid")
                 .setStatusValues(ImmutableSet.of(StatusValue.OK))
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(domain))
+                .setSuperordinateDomain(domain.createVKey())
                 .build(),
             domain);
 
@@ -119,7 +121,8 @@ public class HostResourceToXjcConverterTest {
 
   @Test
   public void testConvertExternalHost() {
-    XjcRdeHost bean = HostResourceToXjcConverter.convertExternalHost(
+    XjcRdeHost bean =
+        HostResourceToXjcConverter.convertExternalHost(
             new HostResource.Builder()
                 .setCreationClientId("LawyerCat")
                 .setCreationTimeForTest(DateTime.parse("1900-01-01T00:00:00Z"))
@@ -167,7 +170,8 @@ public class HostResourceToXjcConverterTest {
 
   @Test
   public void testConvertExternalHost_ipv6() {
-    XjcRdeHost bean = HostResourceToXjcConverter.convertExternalHost(
+    XjcRdeHost bean =
+        HostResourceToXjcConverter.convertExternalHost(
             new HostResource.Builder()
                 .setCreationClientId("LawyerCat")
                 .setCreationTimeForTest(DateTime.parse("1900-01-01T00:00:00Z"))
@@ -208,7 +212,8 @@ public class HostResourceToXjcConverterTest {
   @Test
   public void testMarshal() throws Exception {
     // Bean! Bean! Bean!
-    XjcRdeHostElement bean = HostResourceToXjcConverter.convertExternal(
+    XjcRdeHostElement bean =
+        HostResourceToXjcConverter.convertExternal(
             new HostResource.Builder()
                 .setCreationClientId("LawyerCat")
                 .setCreationTimeForTest(DateTime.parse("1900-01-01T00:00:00Z"))

core/src/test/java/google/registry/testing/AbstractEppResourceSubject.java

@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ abstract class AbstractEppResourceSubject<
     return andChainer();
   }
 
-  protected <E> And<S> hasValue(E expected, E actual, String name) {
+  protected <E> And<S> hasValue(@Nullable E expected, @Nullable E actual, String name) {
     check(name).that(actual).isEqualTo(expected);
     return andChainer();
   }

core/src/test/java/google/registry/testing/DatastoreHelper.java

@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@ public class DatastoreHelper {
     return persistResource(
         newHostResource(hostName)
             .asBuilder()
-            .setSuperordinateDomain(Key.create(superordinateDomain))
+            .setSuperordinateDomain(superordinateDomain.createVKey())
             .setInetAddresses(
                 ImmutableSet.of(InetAddresses.forString("1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A")))
             .build());

core/src/test/java/google/registry/testing/HostResourceSubject.java

@@ -19,10 +19,11 @@ import static com.google.common.truth.Truth.assertAbout;
 
 import com.google.common.truth.FailureMetadata;
 import com.google.common.truth.SimpleSubjectBuilder;
-import com.googlecode.objectify.Key;
 import google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase;
 import google.registry.model.host.HostResource;
+import google.registry.persistence.VKey;
 import google.registry.testing.TruthChainer.And;
+import javax.annotation.Nullable;
 import org.joda.time.DateTime;
 
 /** Truth subject for asserting things about {@link HostResource} instances. */
@@ -55,7 +56,8 @@ public final class HostResourceSubject
         "has lastSuperordinateChange");
   }
 
-  public And<HostResourceSubject> hasSuperordinateDomain(Key<DomainBase> superordinateDomain) {
+  public And<HostResourceSubject> hasSuperordinateDomain(
+      @Nullable VKey<DomainBase> superordinateDomain) {
     return hasValue(
         superordinateDomain, actual.getSuperordinateDomain(), "has superordinateDomain");
   }

core/src/test/resources/google/registry/model/schema.txt

@@ -288,9 +288,9 @@ class google.registry.model.eppcommon.Trid {
 class google.registry.model.host.HostResource {
   @Id java.lang.String repoId;
   com.google.common.collect.ImmutableSortedMap<org.joda.time.DateTime, com.googlecode.objectify.Key<google.registry.model.ofy.CommitLogManifest>> revisions;
-  com.googlecode.objectify.Key<google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase> superordinateDomain;
   google.registry.model.CreateAutoTimestamp creationTime;
   google.registry.model.UpdateAutoTimestamp updateTimestamp;
+  google.registry.persistence.VKey<google.registry.model.domain.DomainBase> superordinateDomain;
   java.lang.String creationClientId;
   java.lang.String currentSponsorClientId;
   java.lang.String fullyQualifiedHostName;

db/src/main/resources/sql/flyway/V28__superordinate_domain_vkey.sql

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+-- Copyright 2020 The Nomulus Authors. All Rights Reserved.
+--
+-- Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+-- you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+-- You may obtain a copy of the License at
+--
+--     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+--
+-- Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+-- distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+-- WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+-- See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+-- limitations under the License.
+
+ALTER TABLE "HostResource" ALTER COLUMN superordinate_domain TYPE text;
+
+ALTER TABLE IF EXISTS "HostResource"
+   ADD CONSTRAINT fk_host_resource_superordinate_domain
+   FOREIGN KEY (superordinate_domain) REFERENCES "Domain"(repo_id);

db/src/main/resources/sql/schema/db-schema.sql.generated

@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@
         fully_qualified_host_name text,
         last_superordinate_change timestamptz,
         last_transfer_time timestamptz,
-        superordinate_domain bytea,
+        superordinate_domain text,
         primary key (repo_id)
     );
 

db/src/main/resources/sql/schema/nomulus.golden.sql

@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ CREATE TABLE public."HostResource" (
     fully_qualified_host_name text,
     last_superordinate_change timestamp with time zone,
     last_transfer_time timestamp with time zone,
-    superordinate_domain bytea
+    superordinate_domain text
 );
 
 
@@ -1167,6 +1167,14 @@ ALTER TABLE ONLY public."DomainHost"
     ADD CONSTRAINT fk_domainhost_host_valid FOREIGN KEY (ns_hosts) REFERENCES public."HostResource"(repo_id);
 
 
+--
+-- Name: HostResource fk_host_resource_superordinate_domain; Type: FK CONSTRAINT; Schema: public; Owner: -
+--
+
+ALTER TABLE ONLY public."HostResource"
+    ADD CONSTRAINT fk_host_resource_superordinate_domain FOREIGN KEY (superordinate_domain) REFERENCES public."Domain"(repo_id);
+
+
 --
 -- Name: PollMessage fk_poll_message_contact_repo_id; Type: FK CONSTRAINT; Schema: public; Owner: -
 --